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The policy environment in China is conducive to green energy financing.The policy environment in China is conducive to green energy financing. TheGovernment of China (GoC) is undertaking one of the most aggressive energy efficiency (EE) and renewable energy (RE) campaigns in the world.For the 13th FYP (2016–2020), the GoC plans to adopt a total energyconsumption cap and a coal consumption cap, in addition to 15 percent energy intensity reduction target. China currently has the world's largest installed RE capacity, with 130 gigawatts (GW) of wind and 43 GW of solar photo voltaic (PV) by the end of 2015. REcurrently accounts for 11 percent of total primary energy; and the GoC plans for non-fossilfuel to reach 15 percent by 2020 and 20 percent by 2030. This study aims to provide inputs to the Chinese government's envisioned Green Fund. Since the closure of the energy efficiency rewards funds in early 2015, the NationalDevelopment and Reform Commission (NDRC) Environmental Protection and Resource Conservation Department is interested in setting up an energy efficiency fund with government budget to maximize its leverage of commercial financing for energy efficiency investments.The market demand for green energy financing is huge for the 13th FYP.The lion's share of the green energy investments needs will come from commercial financing. However, the banking sector's uptake of green financing remains low relative to the huge investment needs, and many EE/RE enterprises continue to face difficulties inaccess to financing. International and domestic experiences offer a wealth of experience and lessons learned. This study reviewed a wide range of green energy financing mechanisms from internationalexperience, including credit lines, risk guarantees, green funds, green banks, utility demandside management (DSM) funds, utility on-bill financing, ESCO financing and leasing, etc.The study found that a Green Energy Fund, with a dedicated team and mandate to invest inthe green energy market, has a higher chance to overcome the above mentioned barriers to increase financing flow to the targeted market and underserved clients, and also has a highleverage of public funds. The study also found that generating sufficient deal flows is a major challenge to green energy financing mechanisms. This study also examined in details on international experience of setting up a green energy fund.This study also reviewed Chinese experience in government funds, with the intent to learn thestructure, financing instruments, and lessons from existing government funds in China. Most of the existing government funds aim to promote new technologies, and very few are targeted at green energy market to date. This study also reviewed relevant laws, policies and regulations issued by central government agencies. This study conducted preliminary design of a potential Green Energy and Emission Reduction Fund: The preliminary design includes strategic focus, targeted market, financingsources, fund structure, fund scale and leveraging ratio, financial products, eligibility criteria,and exit strategy.

This report examines innovative mechanisms that can help attract new financial resources into water and sanitation services. In particular, it focuses on mobilizing market-based repayable financing (such as loans, bonds and equity) as a way of bridging the financial gap to meet the water-related Millennium Development Goals and other crucial sector objectives. The Camdessus and Gurría reports, published seven and four years ago, respectively, formulated a number of recommendations in this area. This report examines the extent to which these recommendations have been implemented. It looks at the rapidly evolving global context and to the ongoing financial and economic crisis, and considers how innovation in financing for the water sector may need to adapt.--Publisher's description

This publication is a guide for government and city planners to identify financing mechanisms as they devolp their own wastewater and sanitation projects. Case studies culled from various countries provide insight on various financing instrumentalities ( subsides, output-based or performance-based aid, carbon credits, and revolving funds) and financing arrangements (local government -water utility operator and public - private partnership) available to support the sanitation agenda. Financing flowcharts should help planners visualize the flow of fluids and identify funding sources, including grants and loans. Examples of financing mechanisms can help cities identify business models they can adopt given their specific circumstances.

Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "As Congress considers reauthorizing the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA-21) in 2003, it does so in the face of a continuing need for the nation to invest in its surface transportation infrastructure at a time when both the federal and state governments are experiencing severe financial constraints. As transportation needs have grown, Congress provided states--in the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 and TEA-21--additional means to make highway investments through alternative financing mechanisms. A number of states are using existing alternative financing tools such as State Infrastructure Banks, Grant Anticipation Revenue Vehicles bonds, and loans under the Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act. These tools can provide states with additional options to accelerate projects and leverage federal assistance--they can also provide greater flexibility and more funding techniques. Federal funding of surface transportation investments includes federal-aid highway program grant funding appropriated by Congress out of the Highway Trust Fund, loans and loan guarantees, and bonds that are issued by states that are exempt from federal taxation. Expanding the use of alternative financing mechanisms has the potential to stimulate additional investment and private participation. However, expanding investment in the nation's highways and transit systems raises basic questions of who pays, how much, and when."

Infrastructure investment is a key factor for economic development and job creation. Water supply, electricity, road, railways, and airports, among others, will bring in business to the Central Asia and Caucasus region and enhance the welfare of the people. Quality infrastructure refers not only to fiscal quality but also to the new business activities and accompanying employment created along each infrastructure system. In order to increase the economic impact of infrastructure investment, financing for small businesses must accompany infrastructure development. Otherwise, the economic impact only reaches large businesses. Restaurants, small shops, and the agricultural sector gain benefits from the development of infrastructure by making use of the roads and railways to sell their products. Through a diverse collection of studies on seven Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) member countries, this book discusses the impacts of infrastructure investments.

Purpose
China's economic development in the past 40 years has an array of distinctive features that have attracted the attention of the world. The paper aims to discuss this issue.


Design/methodology/approach
The analysis logic is as follows: with regard to the mechanism, the above factors were met in a timely manner and jointly contributed positive energy to China's economic growth, with the increase in the savings rate as the necessary condition and foundation, and the increase in the savings rate is attributed to the explosive expansion of the financial system at the beginning of reform and the formation of positive incentives for residents, enterprises and governments at all levels, and the expansion of the financial system and the formation of positive incentives are clearly the crystallization of the wisdom of Chinese-style progressive reform.


Findings
Therefore, we have every reason to believe that the growth prospects of the Chinese economy remain bright. The author is nonetheless confident that the new two-step strategy for economic development will be realized, proposed by the 19th CPC National Congress.


Originality/value
Moreover, the growth of China's economy has long been accompanied by the "double surplus" of current accounts and capital and financial accounts in the international balance of payments, which is not completely consistent with the traditional paradigm of development economics. These phenomena are so unique that the international community calls it the "Mystery of China" or "China's Development Path."